The locally known waters of the northern Andes of Cajamarca, Lagunas, flows through the rolling grasslands dotted
with cold and shallow lakes. In Peru’s rural areas, they are the only source of life.
For decades, families have depended on the Lagunas
for drinking, watering crops, and raising livestock. But over the
past twenty years, those lakes have turned into one of Peru’s sites for environmental conflicts. Women had been at
the center of this crisis.
Women defending water
Image: Máxima Acuña. Source: New Internationalist
Máxima Acuña
, a peasant farmer who lives with her family in the highlands of northern Peru to rear animals and
grow crops, has become a point for resistance when one of Latin America’s largest mining companies tried to expand
its operations into her region.
The Conga Project
, led by Minera Yanacocha, was designed to extract gold and copper from deposits in Acuña’s
network of high altitude lakes. To do that, the plan involved draining the lake’s water and replacing them with
artificial reservoirs. But for the community, the move was unacceptable.
“I never had the chance to go to school, I never had the chance to learn even a letter, but I know how to resist, to
fight and that’s why I will never be defeated by the mining companies,” Acuña said
during her environmental
campaign, describing why she had laid down the thought of leaving her land despite mounting pressure to do that.
In 2011, due to her resistance
, her house, an extension she was building were demolished, and her sheep were
robbed. Her daughter was beaten up by the Peruvian police, who violated her rights to private life and security. But
despite that, Acuña refused to be pressured to run away from her ancestral community.
Between water and gold
The conflict in Cajamarca city reveals the growing tension throughout Peru, a country rich in minerals but depends
heavily on natural ecosystems for water regulation, cultivation of crops, and fishing.
The country is among the world’s top producers of gold and copper. Mining has been attributed to the growth of the
economy, but it has also been the cause of increasing protests in rural areas where communities heavily rely on land
and water for sustenance.
As the lakes in the highlands serve as natural water storage systems, feeding rivers and wetlands, mining projects
threaten them, as such, communities fear losing their only source of drinking water and agricultural use. In these
communities, that fear is still driving mass movement of local populations to areas less prone to mining activities
In 2012, thousands of Peruvians marched from Cajamarca to Lima, in what was popularly called the “National
March for Water,” as they demanded protection for their sources of water over the expansion of gold mining.
Women on the frontline
While vulnerable communities have put strong resistance against mining projects, local women are playing an
important role in this.
The impact that polluted water sources pose to their daily lives account to loss of livelihoods in rural areas where
women are responsible for farming, food preparation, and collection of water.
Research reports
have shown that women in mining areas are faced with disproportionate burdens that range from
loss of agricultural land to increasing pressure on the local economy.
In Cajamarca, the women have taken protests
seriously involving community patrols, and advocacy campaigns with
a goal to protect water sources. The documentary Hija de la laguna
“Daughter of the Lake” follows Nélida Ayay, a
young woman and a leading voice against Conga mining projects in the lakes.
For Ayay, the lakes are the entities that the people tie to their identity and survival in the city of Cajamarca.
Image: Filmstill: «Hija de la laguna» 2015, © Guarango Films und Ernesto Cabellos Damián. Source: Institut für
Auslandsbeziehungen
Growing risks
However, to speak out carries some consequences.
Amnesty International
has reported that environmental defenders in Cajamarca are confronted with legal harassment,
physical violence, and threats to life. In some reported cases, more than hundreds of legal complaints have been filed
against community leaders who are opposing gold mining in their locality.
Women defenders face more risks such as intimidation and gender-based violence. But amidst all that, their
resistance never stops.
In fact, communities have come up with their own defense – organizing patrols, recording environmental damage,
and seeking support from concerned international human rights organisations.
Conflict is changing the region
The struggle that has ensued over the controversial Conga Project forced the Peruvian government to look at the
social and environmental implications. After months of nationwide protests that swept through 2011 to 2012, clashes
with police, and growing international attention, Conga was suspended
.
Though the core of the tensions was unresolved, as mining continues to cut deep into Peru. Cajamarca remains one
of the most mineral rich regions in the country, and most contested for mining rights.
Holding the line of resistance
In the highlands, people’s life continues as it always has. The fields are cultivated, animals are attended to, and
families carry out local economic activities to eke out a modest living.
But the lakes, which were once watched, protected, and fought for, have changed. That has impacted Acuña and
Ayay and other women who deeply shared the connection to their natural landscape like the land and water.
Still, these women live on the land that has sustained them for decades. They are armed with the right to ensure that
in the face of powerful mining companies and global demand for minerals, their fight is carried forward.

Francis Annagu is a Nigerian environmental journalist whose work focuses on the intersection of the environment, data, and social inequality. More about Annagu here. He has received support from organizations such as the Pulitzer Center, the Africa-China Reporting Project, the Tiger Eye Foundation, and the Rainforest Journalism Fund. His work has been published on platforms such as Panorama Papers, InfoCongo, and EnviroNews.
This article was edited and translated into Spanish by Marcos of El Ambientalista Post (see here in Spanish). more about Marcos here.
Correcciones
- Nota de corrección el Abr 1, 2026: Corrections suggested by the author were made.
- Nota de corrección el Abr 1, 2026: Corrections suggested by the author were made.
- Nota de corrección el Abr 1, 2026: Corrections suggested by the author were made.
- Nota de corrección el Abr 1, 2026: Corrections suggested by the author were made.
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